MBQL: add more math functions (#12096)

* Add more math functions to MBQL [ci drivers]

* Add non-default implementations [ci drivers]

* Add non-default implementations [ci all]

* More lenient schema [ci drivers]

* Add type hints [ci drivers]

* Fix tests [ci all]

* Fix tests [ci all]

* Presto: stddev_samp -> stddev_pop [ci all]

* Fix indentation [ci all]

* Add tests [ci drivers]

* Don't support percentile in H2 [ci drivers]

* Fix tests [ci all]

* Fix mssql [ci drivers]

* FE support for new functions

* Fix mssql [ci drivers]

* Fix mssql [ci drivers]

* Fix unit test

* Implement code review suggestions [ci all]

* Fix vertica [ci drivers]

* FE: add length & rename expt -> exp [ci drivers]

* Don't i18n displayName [ci drivers]

* FE fixes

* Cleanup aggregation/filter type predicates, isStandard, isMetric/isSegment, and isCustom

* Test: alow expressions in filters

* Alow expressions in filters [ci drivers]

* Allow expressions in :between [ci drivers]

* Allow expressions in :inside [ci drivers]

* Fix log [ci drivers]

* h2: use log10 [ci drivers]

* Fix mssql & spark [ci drivers]

* fix hive [ci drivers]

* Don't reuse :percentile name [ci drivers]

* Fix filter methods

Co-authored-by: Tom Robinson <tlrobinson@gmail.com>