perf: Optimize validation with Malli (#46485)

deps.edn

src/metabase/analyze/schema.clj

src/metabase/lib/metadata/protocols.cljc

src/metabase/lib/schema.cljc

src/metabase/lib/schema/util.cljc

src/metabase/sync/interface.clj

src/metabase/util/malli/registry.cljc

src/metabase/util/malli/schema.clj

test/metabase/api/alert_test.clj

test/metabase/api/api_key_test.clj

test/metabase/api/dashboard_test.clj

test/metabase/api/database_test.clj

test/metabase/lib/schema/expression/temporal_test.cljc