Allow filtering on all stages in the QB (#47818)

e2e/test/scenarios/filters/filter-bulk.cy.spec.js

frontend/src/metabase-lib/query.ts

frontend/src/metabase-lib/query.unit.spec.ts

frontend/src/metabase-lib/types.ts

frontend/src/metabase/common/utils/column-groups.ts

...QuestionFiltersHeader/QuestionFiltersHeader.unit.spec.tsx

...c/metabase/querying/fields/components/FieldPanel/types.ts

...c/metabase/querying/fields/components/FieldPanel/utils.ts

...metabase/querying/filters/components/FilterPanel/utils.ts

...uerying/filters/components/FilterPanel/utils.unit.spec.ts

.../querying/filters/hooks/use-filter-modal/utils/filters.ts

...filters/hooks/use-filter-modal/utils/filters.unit.spec.ts

src/metabase/lib/column_group.cljc

src/metabase/lib/metadata/calculation.cljc

test/metabase/lib/column_group_test.cljc