MLv2: add `databaseID(query)` (#32519)

frontend/src/metabase-lib/database.ts

frontend/src/metabase-lib/v2.ts

src/metabase/lib/core.cljc

src/metabase/lib/database.cljc

src/metabase/lib/js.cljs

src/metabase/lib/metadata.cljc

test/metabase/lib/breakout_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/card_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/column_group_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/database_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/join_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/order_by_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/stage_test.cljc

test/metabase/lib/test_util.cljc